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67%;
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67%;
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67%;
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iv>
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f !ppt]>
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t:77.52%;
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7%;
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/span></div>
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 top:84.66%;left:3.62%;width:90.57%;height:6.74%'><span style=3D'font-size:=
67%;
 color:black;mso-color-index:3'><i><span
 style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>&nbsp;</span>role in helping to calm the&#13;</=
i></span></div>
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67%;
 color:black;mso-color-index:3'><i><span
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i></span></div>
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t:68.35%;
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 src=3D"slide0035_image032.gif" style=3D'position:absolute;top:0%;left:0%;
 width:87.69%;height:100.0%'><![endif]>
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 top:71.54%;left:2.56%;width:84.1%;height:8.94%'><span style=3D'font-size:6=
7%;
 color:black;mso-color-index:3'><i>&quot;When we started on the mountain &#=
13;</i></span></div>
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 top:79.67%;left:2.56%;width:96.92%;height:8.94%'><span style=3D'font-size:=
67%;
 color:black;mso-color-index:3'><i>it was a dumping place. Now it's a place
 &#13;</i></span></div>
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 top:88.61%;left:2.56%;width:82.05%;height:8.94%'><span style=3D'font-size:=
67%;
 color:black;mso-color-index:3'><i>where people sit under the trees.&quot; =
</i></span></div>
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t:52.43%;
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8327"
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 height:7.09%'><span style=3D'font-size:67%;color:black;mso-color-index:3'>=
<i>Photo
 of girl with dust mask drawing flower near Ground Zero, </i></span></span>=
<span
 style=3D'position:absolute;top:83.22%;left:2.0%;width:97.99%;height:7.09%'=
><span
 style=3D'font-size:67%;color:black;mso-color-index:3'><i>September 13,
 2001&#8230; and the Brooklyn Promenade with twin </i></span></span><span
 style=3D'position:absolute;top:90.32%;left:2.0%;width:86.28%;height:7.09%'=
><span
 style=3D'font-size:67%;color:black;mso-color-index:3'><i>daffodil flowers =
the
 following Spring. </i></span></span></div>
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oku-overflow:
 0;position:absolute;top:95.5%;left:.93%;width:11.61%;height:4.0%'><span
 style=3D'color:#666699;mso-color-index:2'><i>Methods</i></span></div>
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<table style=3D'color:white' border=3D0 width=3D"100%">
 <tr>
  <td width=3D5 nowrap></td>
  <td width=3D"100%"></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
  <td colspan=3D1></td>
  <td dir=3Dltr align=3Dleft colspan=3D1><font face=3DArial size=3D1><b>Hea=
ling Through
  Gardens- </b>American Friends Service Committee community gardening effor=
ts
  to increase reconciliation among former combatants in an area torn apart =
by
  ethnic conflict.<span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>This=
 photo
  is of </font><font face=3DArial size=3D2>MALI&#262; MEVKA</font><font fac=
e=3DArial
  size=3D1><br>
    and her children.<b><i> </i></b>She is<i> a</i><b><i> </i></b>41-year-o=
ld
  woman from Srebrenica, Mother of 4: three daughters and one son,<span
  style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>&nbsp; </span>She lost 7 male family members t=
o the
  ethnic conflict.</font><br>
  </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
  <td colspan=3D1></td>
  <td dir=3Dltr align=3Dleft colspan=3D1><br>
  </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
  <td colspan=3D1></td>
  <td dir=3Dltr align=3Dleft colspan=3D1><font face=3DArial size=3D1><b>Oli=
ve Trees For
  Peace-</b> Rabbis for Human Rights who are using community based approach=
es
  and natural resources to reach out to Palestinians who are threatened with
  violence and the destruction of their orchards and homes. They participat=
e in
  replanting olive orchards that have been destroyed by the Army or settler=
s,
  and help protect Palestinian farmers who are threatened and harassed at
  harvest time.</font><br>
  </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
  <td colspan=3D1></td>
  <td dir=3Dltr align=3Dleft colspan=3D1><br>
  </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
  <td colspan=3D1></td>
  <td dir=3Dltr align=3Dleft colspan=3D1><font face=3DArial size=3D1><b>Bri=
erfield Peace
  Garden, England</b>. After their friend was murdered in gang violence, a
  group of British Muslim teens created a garden of reconciliation on a pie=
ce
  of derelict land on the main street of town next to the youth center.
  According to Faheem Ali, one of the youth founders, &quot;The garden has
  played a role in helping to calm the violence down round here. Everyone u=
ses
  the site, old folk and youngsters, and there's less tension. It's made a
  difference to people's attitudes because it's something positive.&quot;</=
font><br>
  </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
  <td colspan=3D1></td>
  <td dir=3Dltr align=3Dleft colspan=3D1><br>
  </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
  <td colspan=3D1></td>
  <td dir=3Dltr align=3Dleft colspan=3D1><font face=3DArial size=3D1><b>Mou=
ntain of Hope,
  Soweto, South Africa</b>. Community members transformed a place known for
  brutal violence into a productive community green space that has far reac=
hing
  implications for continued urban renewal in post-apartheid<span
  style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>&nbsp; </span>South Africa.</font><br>
  </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
  <td colspan=3D1></td>
  <td dir=3Dltr align=3Dleft colspan=3D1><br>
  </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
  <td colspan=3D1></td>
  <td dir=3Dltr align=3Dleft colspan=3D1><font face=3DArial size=3D2>In the=
 spring of
  2002, the Forest Service invited proposals from communities and organizat=
ions
  to create living memorials in remembrance of September 11, 2001. Over fif=
ty
  projects have been supported in the and around New York City. The<span
  style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>&nbsp; </span>intent of this initiative was to=
 offer
  the resonating power of trees and plants to bring people together and to
  create living memorials to foster healing after crisis The Forest Service
  intended to amplify community actions in the post-9/11 context &#8211; an=
d to
  connect these decentralized common threads of expression and hope. <br>
    <br>
    </font><font face=3DArial size=3D1>.</font><br>
  </td>
 </tr>
</table>

</div>

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87"
  type=3D"#_x0000_m100357" style=3D'position:absolute;left:54pt;top:339.75p=
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 <div v:shape=3D"_x0000_s118787" class=3DN>Good afternoon.<span
 style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>&nbsp; </span>My name is Keith Tidball. Since i=
s my
 first opportunity to meet many of you let me briefly introduce myself.<span
 style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>&nbsp; </span>I work in the Dept. of Natural
 Resources with Dr. Krasny on Garden Mosaics,<span
 style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>&nbsp; </span>&#13;My presentation is an ideas
 presentation, its very preliminary, and I hope to get some feedback on the=
se
 ideas from you.</div>
</p:notes><p:notes id=3D"11" layout=3D"notes" slots=3D"slideImage,body">
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yle=3D'position:absolute;
  left:91.125pt;top:53.625pt;width:357.625pt;height:268.25pt'>
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  <p:placeholder type=3D"slideImage"/></v:shape><v:shape id=3D"_x0000_s1218=
59"
  type=3D"#_x0000_m100357" style=3D'position:absolute;left:54pt;top:339.75p=
t;
  width:431.875pt;height:321.875pt'>
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 <div v:shape=3D"_x0000_s121859" class=3DN>&#8230;Natural Resources Managem=
ent
 approaches were considered viable alternatives to military responses to
 post-catastrophe/conflict/crisis situations?&#13;
 <div>&#13;</div>
 &#8230;planners in Iraq, Washington, and London had understood the value o=
f Community
 Greening when the hostilities were declared &#8220;officially&#8221; ended=
 in Baghdad?&#13;
 <div>&#13;</div>
 &#8230;members of urban communities, especially young men, had engaged in =
rehabilitating
 their communities instead of becoming involved in insurgency activities?</=
div>
</p:notes><p:notes id=3D"20" layout=3D"notes" slots=3D"slideImage,body">
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  <p:placeholder type=3D"slideImage"/></v:shape><v:shape id=3D"_x0000_s1013=
79"
  type=3D"#_x0000_m100357" style=3D'position:absolute;left:54pt;top:339.75p=
t;
  width:431.875pt;height:321.875pt'>
  <v:fill o:detectmouseclick=3D"f"/>
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 <div v:shape=3D"_x0000_s101379" class=3DN><span style=3D'font-size:117%'><=
i>We&#8217;ll
 not know the answer to those kinds of questions because </i></span><span
 style=3D'font-size:117%'><i>there is a problem&#8230; a &#8220;big
 picture&#8221; problem that I think is two-fold&#13;</i></span>
 <div><span style=3D'font-size:117%'><i>[Click]&#8230; [Click]&#13;</i></sp=
an></div>
 <span style=3D'font-size:117%'><i>There is both a lack of awareness of and=
 a
 lack of credibility </i></span><span style=3D'font-size:117%'><i>regarding
 Natural Resources Approaches for high level strategic </i></span><span
 style=3D'font-size:117%'><i>decision making&#13;</i></span>
 <div><span style=3D'font-size:117%'><i>&#13;</i></span></div>
 <span style=3D'font-size:117%'><i>Only recently have concepts like
 &#8220;Community Forestry&#8221; and </i></span><span style=3D'font-size:1=
17%'><i>&#8220;Environmental
 Security&#8221;<span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>&nbsp; </span>moved beyond=
 the
 margins among the </i></span><span style=3D'font-size:117%'><i>development=
 and
 aid community and into the strategic planning </i></span><span
 style=3D'font-size:117%'><i>and &#8220;national and global defense and
 security&#8221; policy making </i></span><span style=3D'font-size:117%'><i=
>community.&#13;</i></span>
 <div><span style=3D'font-size:117%'><i>&#13;</i></span></div>
 <div><span style=3D'font-size:67%'><i>&#13;</i></span></div>
 <div><span style=3D'font-size:67%;mso-special-format:lastCR'><i>&#13;</i><=
/span></div>
 </div>
</p:notes><p:notes id=3D"44" layout=3D"notes" slots=3D"slideImage,body">
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  left:91.125pt;top:53.625pt;width:357.625pt;height:268.25pt'>
  <v:fill o:detectmouseclick=3D"t"/>
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  <p:placeholder type=3D"slideImage"/></v:shape><v:shape id=3D"_x0000_s1290=
27"
  type=3D"#_x0000_m100357" style=3D'position:absolute;left:54pt;top:339.75p=
t;
  width:431.875pt;height:321.875pt'>
  <v:fill o:detectmouseclick=3D"f"/>
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  <p:placeholder type=3D"body" position=3D"1"/></v:shape>
 <div v:shape=3D"_x0000_s129027" class=3DN>
 <div style=3D'mso-line-spacing:"90 30 0"'>&#13;</div>
 <div style=3D'mso-line-spacing:"90 30 0"'>So why this lack of awareness and
 credibility?<span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>&nbsp; </span>What challenges=
 are
 there for Natural Resources?&#13;</div>
 <div style=3D'mso-line-spacing:"90 30 0"'>[Click]&#13;</div>
 <div style=3D'mso-line-spacing:"90 30 0"'>Advocates for Natural Resources =
based
 approaches to Post-Conflict Reconstruction and other Transition situations=
 are
 disadvantaged when it comes time to build a case for their projects. &#13;=
</div>
 <div style=3D'mso-line-spacing:"90 30 0"'>[Click]&#13;</div>
 <div style=3D'mso-line-spacing:"90 30 0"'>While highway builders and devel=
opers
 can produce reams of data that demonstrate the social and economic benefit=
s of
 their projects, advocates for Natural Resources based approaches are often
 armed with little more than a heart-warming anecdote about cabbages sprout=
ing
 amidst urban squalor. &#13;</div>
 <div style=3D'mso-line-spacing:"90 30 0"'>The lack of hard data on the ben=
efits
 of Natural Resources based approaches to Post Conflict Transitions &quot;c=
an
 create the impression among decision-makers that there is an absence of
 tangible, credible evidence regarding the benefits,&quot; according to a s=
tudy
 by Ulrich and Parsons of Texas A&amp;M University. &#13;</div>
 <div style=3D'mso-line-spacing:"90 30 0"'>[Click]&#13;</div>
 <div style=3D'mso-line-spacing:"90 30 0"'>Unfortunately,&quot; according t=
o the
 study &quot;intuitive arguments in favor of plants or other natural resour=
ces
 usually make little impression on governments, or on developers concerned =
with
 the bottom line. Decision makers, faced with urgent problems may dismiss
 plants as unwarranted luxuries.&quot;</div>
 </div>
</p:notes><p:notes id=3D"46" layout=3D"notes" slots=3D"slideImage,body">
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23"
  type=3D"#_x0000_m100357" style=3D'position:absolute;left:54pt;top:339.75p=
t;
  width:431.875pt;height:321.875pt'>
  <v:fill o:detectmouseclick=3D"f"/>
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  <p:placeholder type=3D"body" position=3D"1"/></v:shape>
 <div v:shape=3D"_x0000_s133123" class=3DN><span style=3D'font-size:117%'>T=
he
 post-crisis environment presents challenges to structuring </span><span
 style=3D'font-size:117%'>rebuilding efforts.<span
 style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>&nbsp; </span>It<span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes=
'>&nbsp;
 </span>also presents an opportunity for the use of </span><span
 style=3D'font-size:117%'>Natural resources approaches. &#13;</span>
 <div><span style=3D'font-size:117%'>[click]</span><span style=3D'font-size=
:83%'>&#13;</span></div>
 <div><span style=3D'font-size:117%'>This slide depicts the Crisis cycle:&#=
13;</span></div>
 <div><span style=3D'font-size:117%'>{{Describe stages}}&#13;</span></div>
 <div><span style=3D'font-size:117%'>&#13;</span></div>
 <span style=3D'font-size:117%'>It is between the cessation stage (stage tw=
o)
 that a society is most </span><span style=3D'font-size:117%'>vulnerable an=
d is
 in greatest need of &#8220;environment shaping&#8221; that </span><span
 style=3D'font-size:117%'>will enable peaceful and productive transition to=
 a
 rebuilding stage.<span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>&nbsp; </span>&#13;</spa=
n>
 <div><span style=3D'font-size:117%'>&#13;</span></div>
 <div><span style=3D'font-size:83%'>&#13;</span></div>
 <div><span style=3D'font-size:83%'>&#13;</span></div>
 <div><span style=3D'mso-special-format:lastCR'>&#13;</span></div>
 </div>
</p:notes><p:notes id=3D"45" layout=3D"notes" slots=3D"slideImage,body">
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 <div v:shape=3D"_x0000_s131075" class=3DN><span style=3D'font-size:92%'>.<=
span
 style=3D'mso-tab-count:1;width:16.48%'> </span></span><span style=3D'font-=
size:
 133%;mso-special-format:lastCR'>&#13;</span></div>
</p:notes><p:notes id=3D"43" layout=3D"notes" slots=3D"slideImage,body">
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79"
  type=3D"#_x0000_m100357" style=3D'position:absolute;left:54pt;top:339.75p=
t;
  width:431.875pt;height:321.875pt'>
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 <div v:shape=3D"_x0000_s126979" class=3DN>
 <div style=3D'mso-line-spacing:"90 30 0"'>What do I mean by Environment
 Shaping?&#13;</div>
 <div style=3D'mso-line-spacing:"90 30 0"'>Current and past development mod=
els
 have focused on &#8220;direct inputs,&#8221; often without sufficient
 attention to the environment within which development and growth are expec=
ted
 to occur.&#13;</div>
 <div style=3D'mso-line-spacing:"90 30 0"'>&#8220;<b>Environment Shaping&#8=
221;</b>,
 a new policy term derived from painful lessons learned recently in the mid=
dle
 east, may prove the most effective means to affect meaningful transformati=
on
 in developing nations. &#13;</div>
 <div style=3D'mso-line-spacing:"90 30 0"'>Thus programs that focus on crea=
ting
 an <b><i>enabling environment</i></b><i> </i>such as infrastructure
 improvement, robust and well thought out regulatory and enforcement
 institutions, beautification, and community development efforts, among oth=
ers,
 may be prerequisites for the effectiveness of more traditional development
 programs such as training and education, delivery of health services and f=
ood
 stuffs, and individual and small business promotion.&#13;</div>
 <div style=3D'mso-line-spacing:"90 30 0"'>A carefully crafted community ba=
sed <b><i>urban
 greening</i></b> program, especially<span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>&nbsp;
 </span>encapsulates all aspects of this new &#8220;environment shaping&#82=
21;
 model by not only meeting immediate food security and waste management nee=
ds,
 but by transforming the environment to most effectively <u>enable</u> econ=
omic
 and social activity, societal healing (in the case of post-conflict contex=
ts),
 and growth. &#13;</div>
 <div style=3D'mso-line-spacing:"90 30 0"'>&#13;</div>
 <div style=3D'mso-line-spacing:"90 30 0"'>Paradox:<span
 style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>&nbsp; </span>Natural resource based approaches=
 may
 find the best chance of achieving legitimacy as a policy tool in the Urban
 Environment&#13;</div>
 <div style=3D'mso-line-spacing:"90 30 0"'><span style=3D'mso-special-forma=
t:lastCR'>&#13;</span></div>
 </div>
</p:notes><p:notes id=3D"39" layout=3D"notes" slots=3D"slideImage,body">
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75"
  type=3D"#_x0000_m100357" style=3D'position:absolute;left:54pt;top:339.75p=
t;
  width:431.875pt;height:321.875pt'>
  <v:fill o:detectmouseclick=3D"f"/>
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 <div v:shape=3D"_x0000_s105475" class=3DN><span style=3D'font-size:133%'><=
i>Studies
 of neighborhoods and crime indicate that crime is </i></span><span
 style=3D'font-size:133%'><i>reduced in communities with a high level of so=
cial </i></span><span
 style=3D'font-size:133%'><i>cohesion among neighbors combined with the wil=
l and </i></span><span
 style=3D'font-size:133%'><i>ability to act on behalf of the common good .&=
#13;</i></span><span
 style=3D'font-size:133%'><i>An experiment with community-driven forestry
 projects in </i></span><span style=3D'font-size:133%'><i>Detroit demonstra=
ted
 that tree planting projects can serve </i></span><span style=3D'font-size:=
133%'><i>as
 a focal point for developing cohesion among neighbors </i></span><span
 style=3D'font-size:133%'><i>.&#13;</i></span><span style=3D'font-size:133%=
'><i>In
 the same study they found that those who reclaimed </i></span><span
 style=3D'font-size:133%'><i>vacant lots reported feeling that their
 neighborhoods were </i></span><span style=3D'font-size:133%'><i>safer than
 before the [greening] project began.&#13;</i></span><span style=3D'font-si=
ze:
 133%'><i>&#8220;Community gardens have long been appreciated for their </i=
></span><span
 style=3D'font-size:133%'><i>multiple social, aesthetic and health benefits=
.&#13;</i></span><span
 style=3D'font-size:133%'><i>&#8220;Community Gardening is an educational p=
rocess
 for </i></span><span style=3D'font-size:133%'><i>changing minds and action=
s of
 people so they can &#8220;help </i></span><span style=3D'font-size:133%'><=
i>themselves&#8221;
 attain economic and social well being&#8221;</i></span><span style=3D'font=
-size:
 133%;mso-special-format:lastCR'>&#13;</span></div>
</p:notes><p:notes id=3D"35" layout=3D"notes" slots=3D"slideImage,body">
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 <div v:shape=3D"_x0000_s115715" class=3DN>
 <div style=3D'mso-line-spacing:"80 30 0"'><span style=3D'font-size:75%'><b=
>Healing
 Through Gardens- </b></span><span style=3D'font-size:75%'>American Friends
 Service Committee community gardening efforts to </span><span
 style=3D'font-size:75%'>increase reconciliation among former combatants in=
 an
 area torn apart by ethnic conflict.<span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>&nbsp;=
&nbsp;
 </span>This photo is </span><span style=3D'font-size:75%'>of </span><span
 style=3D'font-size:83%;text-shadow:auto'>MALI&#262; MEVKA</span><span
 style=3D'font-size:75%;text-shadow:auto'><br>
  </span><span style=3D'font-size:75%;text-shadow:auto'>and her children.</=
span><span
 style=3D'font-size:75%;text-shadow:auto'><b><i> </i></b></span><span
 style=3D'font-size:75%;text-shadow:auto'>She is</span><span style=3D'font-=
size:
 75%;text-shadow:auto'><i> a</i></span><span style=3D'font-size:75%;text-sh=
adow:
 auto'><b><i> </i></b></span><span style=3D'font-size:75%'>41-year-old woma=
n from
 Srebrenica, Mother of 4: three daughters and one </span><span
 style=3D'font-size:75%'>son,<span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>&nbsp; </span=
>She
 lost 7 male family members to the ethnic conflict.&#13;</span></div>
 <div style=3D'mso-line-spacing:"80 30 0"'><span style=3D'font-size:75%'>&#=
13;</span></div>
 <div style=3D'mso-line-spacing:"80 30 0"'><span style=3D'font-size:75%'><b=
>Olive
 Trees For Peace-</b></span><span style=3D'font-size:75%'> Rabbis for Human
 Rights who are using community based approaches and </span><span
 style=3D'font-size:75%'>natural resources to reach out to Palestinians who=
 are
 threatened with violence and the destruction of </span><span style=3D'font=
-size:
 75%'>their orchards and homes. They participate in replanting olive orchar=
ds
 that have been destroyed by the </span><span style=3D'font-size:75%'>Army =
or
 settlers, and help protect Palestinian farmers who are threatened and hara=
ssed
 at harvest time.&#13;</span></div>
 <div style=3D'mso-line-spacing:"80 30 0"'><span style=3D'font-size:75%'>&#=
13;</span></div>
 <div style=3D'mso-line-spacing:"80 30 0"'><span style=3D'font-size:75%'><b=
>Brierfield
 Peace Garden, England</b></span><span style=3D'font-size:75%'>. After their
 friend was murdered in gang violence, a group of British </span><span
 style=3D'font-size:75%'>Muslim teens created a garden of reconciliation on=
 a
 piece of derelict land on the main street of town </span><span
 style=3D'font-size:75%'>next to the youth center. According to Faheem Ali,=
 one
 of the youth founders, &quot;The garden has played a </span><span
 style=3D'font-size:75%'>role in helping to calm the violence down round he=
re.
 Everyone uses the site, old folk and youngsters, </span><span
 style=3D'font-size:75%'>and there's less tension. It's made a difference to
 people's attitudes because it's something positive.&quot;&#13;</span></div>
 <div style=3D'mso-line-spacing:"80 30 0"'><span style=3D'font-size:75%'>&#=
13;</span></div>
 <div style=3D'mso-line-spacing:"80 30 0"'><span style=3D'font-size:75%'><b=
>Mountain
 of Hope, Soweto, South Africa</b></span><span style=3D'font-size:75%'>.
 Community members transformed a place known for brutal </span><span
 style=3D'font-size:75%'>violence into a productive community green space t=
hat
 has far reaching implications for continued urban </span><span
 style=3D'font-size:75%'>renewal in post-apartheid<span
 style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>&nbsp; </span>South Africa.&#13;</span></div>
 <div style=3D'mso-line-spacing:"80 30 0"'><span style=3D'font-size:75%'>&#=
13;</span></div>
 <div style=3D'mso-line-spacing:"80 30 0"'><span style=3D'font-size:83%'>In=
 the
 spring of 2002, the Forest Service invited proposals from communities and
 organizations </span><span style=3D'font-size:83%'>to create living memori=
als in
 remembrance of September 11, 2001. Over fifty projects have </span><span
 style=3D'font-size:83%'>been supported in the and around New York City. Th=
e<span
 style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>&nbsp; </span>intent of this initiative was to =
offer
 the </span><span style=3D'font-size:83%'>resonating power of trees and pla=
nts to
 bring people together and to create living memorials to </span><span
 style=3D'font-size:83%'>foster healing after crisis The Forest Service int=
ended
 to amplify community actions in the </span><span style=3D'font-size:83%'>p=
ost-9/11
 context &#8211; and to connect these decentralized common threads of
 expression and </span><span style=3D'font-size:83%'>hope. <br>
  </span><span style=3D'font-size:83%'><br>
  </span><span style=3D'font-size:75%'>. <br>
  </span><span style=3D'font-size:75%'><br>
  </span><span style=3D'font-size:75%;mso-special-format:lastCR'>&#13;</spa=
n></div>
 </div>
</p:notes><p:notes id=3D"12" layout=3D"notes" slots=3D"slideImage,body">
 <o:shapelayout v:ext=3D"edit">
  <o:idmap v:ext=3D"edit" data=3D"131"/>
 </o:shapelayout><v:shape id=3D"_x0000_s134146" type=3D"#_x0000_m100356" st=
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  <p:placeholder type=3D"slideImage"/></v:shape><v:shape id=3D"_x0000_s1341=
47"
  type=3D"#_x0000_m100357" style=3D'position:absolute;left:54pt;top:339.75p=
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  <o:lock v:ext=3D"edit" text=3D"f"/>
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 <div v:shape=3D"_x0000_s134147" class=3DN>
 <div><span style=3D'font-size:92%'>So these ideas, and these powerful local
 examples lead me to some questions:&#13;</span></div>
 <span style=3D'font-size:92%'>How can Community Greening be understood and
 situated as a tool to be employed </span><span style=3D'font-size:92%'>in
 foreign direct action activities in areas of humanitarian and transition
 assistance, </span><span style=3D'font-size:92%'>specifically those dealin=
g with
 catastrophe, conflict, and/or crisis in urban contexts? &#13;</span><span
 style=3D'font-size:92%'>How can Community Greening help facilitate linkages
 between relief, transition, and </span><span style=3D'font-size:92%'>devel=
opment
 programs?&#13;</span><span style=3D'font-size:92%'>What kinds of barriers =
exist
 to implementation, and are they due to institutional issues </span><span
 style=3D'font-size:92%'>or strategic/tactical issues?&#13;</span>
 <div><span style=3D'mso-special-format:lastCR'>&#13;</span></div>
 </div>
</p:notes><p:notes id=3D"21" layout=3D"notes" slots=3D"slideImage,body">
 <o:shapelayout v:ext=3D"edit">
  <o:idmap v:ext=3D"edit" data=3D"135"/>
 </o:shapelayout><v:shape id=3D"_x0000_s138242" type=3D"#_x0000_m100356" st=
yle=3D'position:absolute;
  left:91.125pt;top:53.625pt;width:357.625pt;height:268.25pt'>
  <v:fill o:detectmouseclick=3D"t"/>
  <v:stroke o:forcedash=3D"t"/>
  <o:lock v:ext=3D"edit" text=3D"t"/>
  <p:placeholder type=3D"slideImage"/></v:shape><v:shape id=3D"_x0000_s1382=
43"
  type=3D"#_x0000_m100357" style=3D'position:absolute;left:54pt;top:339.75p=
t;
  width:431.875pt;height:321.875pt'>
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  <o:lock v:ext=3D"edit" text=3D"f"/>
  <p:placeholder type=3D"body" position=3D"1"/></v:shape></p:notes><p:notes=
 id=3D"23"
 layout=3D"notes" slots=3D"slideImage,body">
 <o:shapelayout v:ext=3D"edit">
  <o:idmap v:ext=3D"edit" data=3D"136"/>
 </o:shapelayout><v:shape id=3D"_x0000_s139266" type=3D"#_x0000_m100356" st=
yle=3D'position:absolute;
  left:91.125pt;top:53.625pt;width:357.625pt;height:268.25pt'>
  <v:fill o:detectmouseclick=3D"t"/>
  <v:stroke o:forcedash=3D"t"/>
  <o:lock v:ext=3D"edit" text=3D"t"/>
  <p:placeholder type=3D"slideImage"/></v:shape><v:shape id=3D"_x0000_s1392=
67"
  type=3D"#_x0000_m100357" style=3D'position:absolute;left:54pt;top:339.75p=
t;
  width:431.875pt;height:321.875pt'>
  <v:fill o:detectmouseclick=3D"f"/>
  <v:stroke o:forcedash=3D"f"/>
  <o:lock v:ext=3D"edit" text=3D"f"/>
  <p:placeholder type=3D"body" position=3D"1"/></v:shape>
 <div v:shape=3D"_x0000_s139267" class=3DN>I expect that my research approa=
ch to
 pursue these ideas would be heavily informed by social science methodologi=
es.</div>
</p:notes><p:notes id=3D"26" layout=3D"notes" slots=3D"slideImage,body">
 <o:shapelayout v:ext=3D"edit">
  <o:idmap v:ext=3D"edit" data=3D"137"/>
 </o:shapelayout><v:shape id=3D"_x0000_s140290" type=3D"#_x0000_m100356" st=
yle=3D'position:absolute;
  left:91.125pt;top:53.625pt;width:357.625pt;height:268.25pt'>
  <v:fill o:detectmouseclick=3D"t"/>
  <v:stroke o:forcedash=3D"t"/>
  <o:lock v:ext=3D"edit" text=3D"t"/>
  <p:placeholder type=3D"slideImage"/></v:shape><v:shape id=3D"_x0000_s1402=
91"
  type=3D"#_x0000_m100357" style=3D'position:absolute;left:54pt;top:339.75p=
t;
  width:431.875pt;height:321.875pt'>
  <v:fill o:detectmouseclick=3D"f"/>
  <v:stroke o:forcedash=3D"f"/>
  <o:lock v:ext=3D"edit" text=3D"f"/>
  <p:placeholder type=3D"body" position=3D"1"/></v:shape>
 <div v:shape=3D"_x0000_s140291" class=3DN>This slide is a theoretical inte=
rface
 schematic&#8230;the simple take home message is that this is very
 &#8220;interdisciplinary&#8221;&#13;
 <div>&#13;</div>
 [Click]<span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>&nbsp; </span>First, I started wit=
h a
 handful of concepts that seemed to be related to one another. [Click]<span
 style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>&nbsp; </span>Then, through conversations with =
Dr.
 Krasny and others I began to become aware of applied fields and academic
 disciplines that filled theoretic gaps between concepts, as well as provid=
ing
 links to these concepts.<span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>&nbsp; </span>With
 these ingredients more or less in place, I began to see a hypothetical &#8=
220;Natural
 resources Intervention&#8221; emerge.&#13;
 <div>&#13;</div>
 The lines and arrows are only there to indicate linkages I recognized or f=
ollowed
 in developing this idea.<span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>&nbsp; </span>Thi=
s is
 not intended to be a descriptive model for how this all might work.<span
 style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>&nbsp; </span>You can just as easily remove the
 arrows, but I like how they allude to synthesis of applications and
 disciplines in an interconnected way.</div>
</p:notes><p:notes id=3D"31" layout=3D"notes" slots=3D"slideImage,body">
 <o:shapelayout v:ext=3D"edit">
  <o:idmap v:ext=3D"edit" data=3D"134"/>
 </o:shapelayout><v:shape id=3D"_x0000_s137218" type=3D"#_x0000_m100356" st=
yle=3D'position:absolute;
  left:91.125pt;top:53.625pt;width:357.625pt;height:268.25pt'>
  <v:fill o:detectmouseclick=3D"t"/>
  <v:stroke o:forcedash=3D"t"/>
  <o:lock v:ext=3D"edit" text=3D"t"/>
  <p:placeholder type=3D"slideImage"/></v:shape><v:shape id=3D"_x0000_s1372=
19"
  type=3D"#_x0000_m100357" style=3D'position:absolute;left:54pt;top:339.75p=
t;
  width:431.875pt;height:321.875pt'>
  <v:fill o:detectmouseclick=3D"f"/>
  <v:stroke o:forcedash=3D"f"/>
  <o:lock v:ext=3D"edit" text=3D"f"/>
  <p:placeholder type=3D"body" position=3D"1"/></v:shape>
 <div v:shape=3D"_x0000_s137219" class=3DN><span style=3D'font-size:92%'>Th=
eoretical
 case can be made for the use of Natural Resources approaches in urban </sp=
an><span
 style=3D'font-size:92%'>post Crisis environments.&#13;</span><span
 style=3D'font-size:92%'>Next Steps: systematic exploration of those instan=
ces
 where elements of &#8220;Natural </span><span style=3D'font-size:92%'>Reso=
urces
 Intervention&#8221; are occurring or have occurred&#13;</span><span
 style=3D'font-size:92%'>I anticipate outcomes such as a description, analy=
sis,
 and evaluation of Community </span><span style=3D'font-size:92%'>Greening =
on
 Post Crisis contexts&#8230; I want to understand what works and what
 doesn&#8217;t </span><span style=3D'font-size:92%'>work, and more importan=
tly,
 why or why not.<span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>&nbsp; </span>This is need=
ed to
 explore a hypothesis </span><span style=3D'font-size:92%'>suggesting the
 potential of Community Greening as a First Response Tool for Post-</span><=
span
 style=3D'font-size:92%'>Catastrophe/Conflict/Crisis in Urban Contexts.&#13=
;</span><span
 style=3D'font-size:92%'>I want to thank in particular Dr. Marianne Krasny,=
 the
 DNR grad students I have been </span><span style=3D'font-size:92%'>discuss=
ing
 this with, and my colleagues and friends at USDA, The State Department, </=
span><span
 style=3D'font-size:92%'>and the US Agency for International Development.<s=
pan
 style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>&nbsp; </span>Thank all of you also, for listen=
ing </span><span
 style=3D'font-size:92%'>to these ideas.<span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>&n=
bsp;
 </span>&#13;</span>
 <div><span style=3D'font-size:92%'>&#13;</span></div>
 <div><span style=3D'font-size:92%'>Questions?</span></div>
 </div>
</p:notes>
</body>

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------=_NextPart_01C5B884.D55BBC40
Content-Location: file:///C:/8E96448C/GSAFinal_files/script.js
Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable
Content-Type: application/javascript; charset="us-ascii"

function LoadSld()
{
	var sld=3DGetObj("SlideObj")
	if( !g_supportsPPTHTML ) {	=09
		sld.style.visibility=3D"visible"
		return
	}

	if( MakeNotesVis() ) return

	runAnimations =3D _InitAnimations();
=09
	if( IsWin("PPTSld") )
		parent.SldUpdated(GetSldId())
	g_origSz=3DparseInt(SlideObj.style.fontSize)
	g_origH=3Dsld.style.posHeight
	g_origW=3Dsld.style.posWidth
	g_scaleHyperlinks=3D(document.all.tags("AREA").length>0)
	if( g_scaleHyperlinks )
		InitHLinkArray()
	if( g_scaleInFrame||(IsWin("PPTSld") && parent.IsFullScrMode() ) )
		document.body.scroll=3D"no"
	_RSW()
	if( IsWin("PPTSld") && parent.IsFullScrMode() )
		FullScrInit();
=09
	MakeSldVis();
	ChkAutoAdv()

	if( runAnimations )
	{
		if( document.all("NSPlay") )
			document.all("NSPlay").autoStart =3D false;

		if( sld.filters && sld.filters.revealtrans )
			setTimeout( "document.body.start()", sld.filters.revealtrans.duration * =
1000 );
		else
			document.body.start();
	}
}

function MakeSldVis()=20
{
	var fTrans=3Dg_showAnimation && SldHasTrans()
	if( fTrans )=09
	{
		if( g_bgSound ) {
			idx=3Dg_bgSound.indexOf(",");
			pptSound.src=3Dg_bgSound.substr( 0, idx );
			pptSound.loop=3D -(parseInt(g_bgSound.substr(idx+1)));
		}
		SlideObj.filters.revealtrans.Apply()=09
    }
	SlideObj.style.visibility=3D"visible"
	if( fTrans )
		SlideObj.filters.revealtrans.Play()
}
function MakeNotesVis()=20
{
	if( !IsNts() ) return false=20
	SlideObj.style.display=3D"none"
	nObj =3D document.all.item("NotesObj")
	parent.SetHasNts(0)
	if( nObj ) {=20
		nObj.style.display=3D""
		parent.SetHasNts(1)
	}
	return 1
}
function ChkAutoAdv()
{
	if(SldHasTrans())
		SlideObj.onfilterchange=3DAutoAdv
	else
		AutoAdv()
}
function AutoAdv()
{
	if(!IsWin("PPTSld") || !gUseSldTimings )return
	var sld=3DGetCurSld()
	if( (sld.mAdvDelay>0) && !parent.IsFramesMode() )
		setTimeout("parent.GoToNextSld()",sld.mAdvDelay)
}
function GetObj(id)
{
	if(g_supportsPPTHTML) return document.all(id);
	else return document.getElementById(id);
}
function SldHasTrans() { return SlideObj.style.filter !=3D ""; }
function GetSldId() { return sId=3Dlocation.href.substring(location.href.la=
stIndexOf('/')+1) }
function HideMenu() { if( frames["PPTSld"] && PPTSld.document.all.item("ctx=
tmenu") && PPTSld.ctxtmenu.style.display!=3D"none" ) { PPTSld.ctxtmenu.styl=
e.display=3D'none'; return true } return false }
function IsWin( name ) { return window.name =3D=3D name }
function IsNts() { return IsWin("PPTNts") }
function IsSldOrNts() { return( IsWin("PPTSld")||IsWin("PPTNts") ) }
function SupportsPPTAnimation() { return( navigator.platform =3D=3D "Win32"=
 && navigator.appVersion.indexOf("Windows")>0 ) }
function SupportsPPTHTML()
{
	var appVer=3Dnavigator.appVersion, msie=3DappVer.indexOf("MSIE "), ver=3D0
	if( msie >=3D 0 )
		ver=3DparseFloat( appVer.substring( msie+5, appVer.indexOf(";",msie) ) )
	else
		ver=3DparseInt(appVer)

	return( ver >=3D 4 && msie >=3D 0 )
}
function _RSW()
{
	if( !g_supportsPPTHTML || IsNts() ||
	  ( !g_scaleInFrame && (!IsWin("PPTSld") || !parent.IsFullScrMode()) ) )
		return

        var padding=3D0;
        if( IsWin("PPTSld") && parent.IsFramesMode() ) padding=3D6

	cltWidth=3Ddocument.body.clientWidth-padding
	cltHeight=3Ddocument.body.clientHeight-padding
	factor=3D(1.0*cltWidth)/g_origW
	if( cltHeight < g_origH*factor )
		factor=3D(1.0*cltHeight)/g_origH

	newSize =3D g_origSz * factor
	if( newSize < 1 ) newSize=3D1

	s=3DSlideObj.style
	s.fontSize=3DnewSize+"px"
	s.posWidth=3Dg_origW*factor
	s.posHeight=3Dg_origH*factor
	s.posLeft=3D(cltWidth-s.posWidth+padding)/2
	s.posTop=3D(cltHeight-s.posHeight+padding)/2

	if( g_scaleHyperlinks )
		ScaleHyperlinks( factor )
}
function _InitAnimations()
{
	animRuntimeInstalled =3D ''+document.body.localTime !=3D 'undefined';
	isFullScreen =3D (window.name =3D=3D "PPTSld") && !parent.IsFramesMode();
	g_animUseRuntime =3D g_showAnimation && animRuntimeInstalled && !(isFullSc=
reen && parent.IsSldVisited());
	if( g_animUseRuntime ) {
		collSeq =3D document.all.tags("seq");
		if( collSeq !=3D null ) {
			for(ii=3D0;ii<collSeq.length;ii++) {
				if( collSeq[ii].getAttribute( "p:nodeType" ) =3D=3D "mainSeq" ) {
					g_animMainSequence =3D collSeq[ii];
					break;
				}
			}
		}
=09
		if( g_animItemsToHide && document.body.playAnimations !=3D false ) {
			for(jj =3D 0; jj < g_animItemsToHide.length; jj++) {
				if( hideObj =3D GetObj(g_animItemsToHide[jj]) )
					hideObj.runtimeStyle.visibility=3D"hidden";
			}
		}

		if( g_animInteractiveItems ){
			for(jj =3D 0; jj < g_animInteractiveItems.length; jj++) {
				if( triggerObj =3D GetObj(g_animInteractiveItems[jj]) )
					triggerObj.runtimeStyle.cursor=3D"hand";
			}
		}
	=09
		if( gUseSldTimings && ''+g_animSlideTime !=3D 'undefined' ) {
			adjustedTime =3D document.body.calculateAutoAdvanceTimes( g_animSlideTim=
e, g_animEffectTimings );
			if( IsWin("PPTSld") && adjustedTime !=3D g_animSlideTime ) {
			   var sld =3D GetCurSld();
			   sld.mAdvDelay =3D adjustedTime * 1000;
			}
		}
	}

	return g_animUseRuntime;
}

gSldJump =3D 0, gSldJumpTrack =3D 0, gSldJumpIdx =3D "";

function _KPH()
{=20
	if( IsNts() ) return;

	if( !parent.IsFramesMode() && event.keyCode =3D=3D 27 && !HideMenu() )
		parent.window.close( self );
	else if( event.keyCode =3D=3D 32 ) {
		if( window.name =3D=3D "PPTSld" )
			parent.PPTSld.DocumentOnClick();
		else
			parent.GoToNextSld();
	}

	CatchNumKeys( parent, event );
}

function CatchNumKeys( win, event ) {
	if( win.IsFullScrMode() && (48<=3Devent.keyCode) && (event.keyCode<=3D57) =
) {
		gSldJump =3D 1;
		gSldJumpIdx +=3D (event.keyCode-48).toString();
	}
	if( win.IsFullScrMode() && gSldJump && event.keyCode =3D=3D 13 ) {
		var numSlds =3D parent.GetSldList().mList.length
		if ( gSldJumpIdx > numSlds )
			gSldJumpIdx =3D numSlds;
		if ( gSldJumpIdx >=3D 0 ) {
			if ( gSldJumpIdx =3D=3D 0 )
				gSldJumpIdx =3D 1;
			var jumpTo =3D parseInt(gSldJumpIdx);
			gSldJump =3D 0; gSldJumpIdx =3D "";
			win.GoToSld( parent.GetSldList().mList[jumpTo-1].mSldHref )
		}
	}
}

function _KDH()
{
	if( event.keyCode =3D=3D 8 ) {
		event.returnValue =3D 0;
		parent.GoToPrevSld();
	}
}function DocumentOnClick()
{
	if( IsNts() || parent.HideMenu() ) return;

	if( ( g_allowAdvOnClick && (window.name=3D=3D"PPTSld") && !parent.IsFrames=
Mode() ) ||
	    (event && event.keyCode=3D=3D32) ) {
	=09
		if( g_animUseRuntime && g_animMainSequence && g_animMainSequence.cangonex=
t )
			return;

		parent.GoToNextSld();
	}
}


var g_supportsPPTHTML =3D SupportsPPTHTML(), g_scaleInFrame =3D 1, gId=3D""=
, g_bgSound=3D"",
    g_scaleHyperlinks =3D false, g_allowAdvOnClick =3D 1, g_showInBrowser =
=3D 0, gLoopCont =3D 0, gUseSldTimings =3D 1;
var g_showAnimation =3D g_supportsPPTHTML && SupportsPPTAnimation() && ( (w=
indow.name=3D=3D"PPTSld" && !parent.IsFramesMode()) || g_showInBrowser );va=
r g_animManager =3D null;
var g_animUseRuntime =3D false;
var g_animItemsToHide, g_animInteractiveItems, g_animSlideTime;
var g_animMainSequence =3D null;

var ENDSHOW_MESG=3D"End of slide show, click to exit.", SCREEN_MODE=3D"Fram=
es", gIsEndShow=3D0, NUM_VIS_SLDS=3D14, SCRIPT_HREF=3D"script.js", FULLSCR_=
HREF=3D"fullscreen.htm";
var gCurSld =3D gPrevSld =3D 1, g_offset =3D 0, gNtsOpen =3D gHasNts =3D gO=
tlTxtExp =3D 0, gHasNarration =3D 0, gOtlOpen =3D true
window.gPPTHTML=3DSupportsPPTHTML()
var gMainDoc=3Dnew Array(new hrefList("slide0001.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList(=
"slide0011.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0020.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("=
slide0044.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0046.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("s=
lide0045.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0043.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("sl=
ide0039.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0035.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("sli=
de0012.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0021.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slid=
e0023.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0026.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide=
0031.htm",1,-1,1));

/*********************************************
 Frameset functions

 These functions control slide navigation
 and state of the frameset.
**********************************************/

function FullScrInit()
{
	g_allowAdvOnClick =3D GetCurSld().mAdvOnClk
	document.body.style.backgroundColor=3D"black"
	document.oncontextmenu=3Dparent._CM;
	document.onkeydown =3D _KDH;
	document.ondragstart=3DCancel
	document.onselectstart=3DCancel
	self.focus()
}

function Redirect( frmId )
{=09
	var str=3Ddocument.location.hash,idx=3Dstr.indexOf('#'), sId=3DGetSldId()
	if(idx>=3D0) str=3Dstr.substr(1);
	if( window.name !=3D frmId && ( sId !=3D str) ) {
		obj =3D GetObj("Main-File")
		window.location.href=3Dobj.href+"#"+sId
		return 1
	}
	return 0
}

var MHTMLPrefix =3D CalculateMHTMLPrefix();=20
function CalculateMHTMLPrefix()
{
	if ( document.location.protocol =3D=3D 'mhtml:') {=20
		href=3Dnew String(document.location.href)=20
		Start=3Dhref.indexOf('!')+1=20
		End=3Dhref.lastIndexOf('/')+1=20
		if (End < Start)=20
			return href.substring(0, Start)=20
		else=20
		return href.substring(0, End)=20
	}
	return '';
}

function GetTags(base,tag)
{
	if(g_supportsPPTHTML) return base.all.tags(tag);
	else return base.getElementsByTagName(tag);
}


function UpdNtsPane(){ if(frames["PPTNts"]) PPTNts.location.replace( MHTMLP=
refix+GetHrefObj( gCurSld ).mNtsHref ) }

function UpdNavPane( sldIndex ){ if(gNavLoaded) PPTNav.UpdNav() }

function UpdOtNavPane(){ if(gOtlNavLoaded) PPTOtlNav.UpdOtlNav() }

function UpdOtlPane(){ if(gOtlLoaded) PPTOtl.UpdOtl() }

function SetHasNts( fVal )
{
	if( gHasNts !=3D fVal ) {
		gHasNts=3DfVal
		UpdNavPane()
	}
}

function ToggleOtlText()
{
	gOtlTxtExp=3D!gOtlTxtExp
	UpdOtlPane()
}

function ClearMedia()
{
	// Clear any sounds playing before launching another browser window. Other=
wise,
	// in fullscreen mode, you'll continue to hear the sound in the frames mod=
e.
	if (PPTSld.pptSound) PPTSld.pptSound.loop =3D 0;
}

function FullScreen()
{=20
	if ( PPTSld.g_animUseRuntime )
		PPTSld.document.body.pause();
	ClearMedia();
	var href =3D ( document.location.protocol =3D=3D 'mhtml:') ? FULLSCR_HREF =
: FULLSCR_HREF+"#"+GetHrefObj(gCurSld).mSldHref;
	if(PPTNav.event.ctrlKey) {
		var w =3D (window.screen.availWidth * 1.0) / 2.0
		var h =3D w * (PPTSld.g_origH * 1.0) / PPTSld.g_origW
		win =3D window.open( MHTMLPrefix+href,null,"toolbar=3D0,resizable=3D1,top=
=3D0,left=3D0," + "width=3D"+ w + ",height=3D" + h );
		if( win.document.body && PPTSld.g_animUseRuntime )
			win.document.body.PPTSldFrameset=3Dwindow;
	}
	else
	{
		win =3D window.open( MHTMLPrefix+href,null,"fullscreen=3Dyes" );
		if( win.document.body && PPTSld.g_animUseRuntime )
			win.document.body.PPTSldFrameset=3Dwindow;
	}
}

function ToggleVNarration()
{
	rObj=3DPPTSld.document.all("NSPlay")
	if( rObj && !PPTSld.g_animUseRuntime ) {
		if( (rObj.playState =3D=3D 1)||(rObj.playState =3D=3D 0) )
			rObj.Play()
		else if( rObj.playState =3D=3D 2 )
			rObj.Pause()
		else
			return;
	}
	else if( PPTSld.g_animUseRuntime )
	{
		narObj =3D PPTSld.document.all("narrationID")
		if( narObj )
			narObj.togglePause()
	}
}

function GetCurSldNum()
{  =20
	obj=3DGetHrefObj(gCurSld)
	if( obj.mOrigVis =3D=3D 1 )
		return obj.mSldIdx
	else  =20
		return gCurSld
}

function GetNumSlds()
{  =20
	if( GetHrefObj(gCurSld).mOrigVis =3D=3D 1 )
		return GetSldList().mNumVisSlds;
	else
		return GetSldList().mList.length
}

function GetSldNum( href )
{
	for(ii=3D0; ii<GetSldList().mList.length; ii++) {
		if ( GetSldList().mList[ii].mSldHref =3D=3D href )
			return ii+1
	}
	return 1
}

function GetHrefObj( sldIdx ){ return GetSldList().mList[sldIdx-1] }

function IsFramesMode(){ return ( SCREEN_MODE =3D=3D "Frames" ) }

function IsFullScrMode(){ return ( SCREEN_MODE =3D=3D "FullScreen" ) }

function GoToNextSld()
{
	ii=3DgCurSld + 1
	if( GetHrefObj( ii-1 ).mOrigVis =3D=3D 0 ) {
		if( ii<=3DGetSldList().mList.length ) {
			obj=3DGetHrefObj(ii)
			obj.mVis=3D1
			GoToSldNum(ii)
			return
		}
	}
	else {
		obj=3DGetHrefObj( ii )
		while ( obj && ( obj.mOrigVis =3D=3D 0 ) )
			obj=3DGetHrefObj(++ii)
		if( obj && obj.mOrigVis ) {
			GoToSldNum(ii)
			return
		}
	}
	if( gSldStack.length > 1 )
		PopSldList();
	else if( !IsFramesMode() ) {
                if( gLoopCont )
			GoToFirst()
                else
			EndShow()
	}
}

function GoToPrevSld()
{
	ii=3DgCurSld-1
	if( ii > 0 ) {
		obj=3DGetHrefObj(ii)
		while ( obj && ( obj.mVis =3D=3D 0 ) && ( ii>0 ) )
			obj=3DGetHrefObj(--ii)
        if( ii =3D=3D 0 ) ii=3D1
		GoToSldNum(ii)
	}
}

function GoToFirst(){ GoToSld( GetHrefObj(1).mSldHref ) }

function GoToLast()
{
	ii=3DGetSldList().mList.length
	if( ii !=3D gCurSld )
		GoToSld( GetHrefObj(ii).mSldHref )
}

function GoToSldNum( num )
{
	if( PPTSld.event ) PPTSld.event.cancelBubble=3Dtrue
	obj =3D GetHrefObj( num )
	obj.mVis=3D1
	gPrevSld=3DgCurSld
	gCurSld =3D num;
	PPTSld.location.replace(MHTMLPrefix+obj.mSldHref)
	if( IsFramesMode() ) {
		UpdNavPane(); UpdOtlPane(); UpdNtsPane()
	}
}

function GoToSld( href )
{
	if( PPTSld.event ) PPTSld.event.cancelBubble=3Dtrue
	GetHrefObj( GetSldNum(href) ).mVis=3D1
	PPTSld.location.replace(MHTMLPrefix+href)
}

function SldUpdated( id )
{
	if( id =3D=3D GetHrefObj(gCurSld).mSldHref ) return
	gPrevSld=3DgCurSld
	gCurSld=3DGetSldNum(id)
	if( IsFramesMode() ) {
		UpdNavPane(); UpdOtlPane(); UpdNtsPane()
	}
}

function PrevSldViewed(){ GoToSld( GetHrefObj(gPrevSld).mSldHref ) }
function HasPrevSld() { return ( gIsEndShow || ( gCurSld !=3D 1 && GetHrefO=
bj( gCurSld-1 ).mVis =3D=3D 1 )||( GetCurSldNum() > 1 ) ) }
function HasNextSld() { return (GetCurSldNum() !=3D GetNumSlds()) }

function CloseWindow() {
	if( HideMenu() ) return;
=09
	var event =3D PPTSld.event;
	if( !IsFramesMode() && event && (event.keyCode=3D=3D27 || event.keyCode=3D=
=3D32 || event.type=3D=3D"click" ) )
		window.close( self );
	CatchNumKeys( self, event );
}

function Unload() { gIsEndShow=3D0; }

function SetupEndShow() {
	gIsEndShow=3D1;
	PPTSld.document.body.scroll=3D"no";
	PPTSld.document.onkeypress=3DCloseWindow;
	PPTSld.document.onclick=3DCloseWindow;
	PPTSld.document.oncontextmenu=3D_CM;
}

function EndShow()
{
	if( IsFramesMode() ) return
	if( PPTSld.event ) PPTSld.event.cancelBubble=3Dtrue

	doc=3DPPTSld.document
	var dir =3D doc.body.dir
	if( dir !=3D "rtl" ) dir =3D "ltr";
	doc.open()
	doc.writeln('<html><body dir=3D' + dir + ' bgcolor=3Dblack onload=3Dparent=
.SetupEndShow() onunload=3Dparent.Unload()><center><p><font face=3DTahoma c=
olor=3Dwhite size=3D2><br><b>' + ENDSHOW_MESG + '</b></font></p></center></=
body></html>')
	doc.close()
}

function SetSldVisited(){ GetSldList().mList[gCurSld-1].mVisited=3Dtrue }

function IsSldVisited(){ return GetSldList().mList[gCurSld-1].mVisited }

function hrefList( sldHref, visible, advDelay, advClk )
{
	this.mSldHref=3D this.mNtsHref =3D sldHref
	this.mOrigVis=3D this.mVis =3D visible
	this.mVisited=3D false
	this.mAdvDelay=3D advDelay
	this.mAdvOnClk=3D advClk
}

function SldList(arr,curSld,fEnd)
{
	this.mCurSld =3D curSld;
	this.mList =3D new Array();

	var idx =3D 1;
	for(ii=3D0;ii<arr.length;ii++) {
		this.mList[ii] =3D new hrefList( arr[ii].mSldHref, arr[ii].mOrigVis, arr[=
ii].mAdvDelay, arr[ii].mAdvOnClk );
		if( arr[ii].mOrigVis )
			this.mList[ii].mSldIdx =3D idx++;
	}
	this.mNumVisSlds =3D idx-1;
	this.fEndShow =3D fEnd;
}

function GetSldList() {	return gSldStack[gSldStack.length-1] }
function GetCurSld() { return parent.GetSldList().mList[parent.gCurSld - 1]=
 }

gSldStack =3D new Array();
gSldStack[0] =3D new SldList(gMainDoc,gCurSld,1)
function ToggleOtlPane()
{
	frmset=3Ddocument.all("PPTHorizAdjust")
	frm=3Ddocument.all("PPTOtl")

	if( gOtlOpen )
		frmset.cols=3D"*,100%"
	else
		frmset.cols=3D"25%,*"

	gOtlOpen=3D!gOtlOpen
	frm.noResize=3D!frm.noResize
	UpdOtNavPane()
}

function ToggleNtsPane()
{
	frmset=3Ddocument.all("PPTVertAdjust")
	frm=3Ddocument.all("PPTNts")

	if( gNtsOpen )
		frmset.rows=3D"100%,*"
	else
		frmset.rows=3D"*,20%"

	gNtsOpen=3D!gNtsOpen
	UpdNtsPane()
}

/*********************************************
Custom Shows implementation

When ViewCustomShow() is called, we create
a new array that is a subset of the slides in=20
the main doc. This list pushed on a stack so
we can return after the end of the custom
show.
*********************************************/
function ViewCustomShow(idx,fEnd)
{
	if( !IsFullScrMode() ) return;
	var sldList =3D new Array();
	var custShow =3D custShowList[idx-1];
	var jj =3D 0;
	for( ii=3D0;ii<custShow.length;ii++ ) {
		if( custShow[ii] <=3D gMainDoc.length )
			sldList[jj++] =3D gMainDoc[custShow[ii]-1];
	}
	if (sldList.length > 0) {
	PushSldList(sldList,fEnd);
	gCurSld =3D 1;
	}
	else
		if( PPTSld.event ) PPTSld.event.cancelBubble=3Dtrue
}

function PushSldList(arr,fEnd) {
	var ii =3D gSldStack.length;
	gSldStack[ii] =3D new SldList(arr,gCurSld,fEnd);
	GoToSld( gSldStack[ii].mList[0].mSldHref );
}

function PopSldList() {
	if (gSldStack[gSldStack.length-1].fEndShow)
		EndShow()
	else {
	gCurSld =3D gSldStack[gSldStack.length-1].mCurSld;
	gSldStack[gSldStack.length-1] =3D null;
	gSldStack.length--;
	var sldList =3D gSldStack[gSldStack.length-1];
	GoToSld( sldList.mList[gCurSld - 1].mSldHref );
	}
}
var custShowList=3Dnew Array();

/*********************************************
 Navigation button implementation

 There are 2 types of buttons: ImgBtn, TxtBtn
 implemented as function objects. They share
 a similiar interface so the event handlers
 can call SetActive, for example, on a button=20
 object without needing to know exactly=20
 what type of button it is.
**********************************************/

//----------------------------------
function ImgBtn( oId,bId,w,action )
//----------------------------------
{
	var t=3Dthis
	t.Perform    =3D _IBP
	t.SetActive  =3D _IBSetA
	t.SetInactive=3D _IBSetI
	t.SetPressed =3D _IBSetP
	t.SetDisabled=3D _IBSetD
	t.Enabled    =3D _IBSetE
	t.ChangeIcon =3D null
	t.UserAction =3D action
	t.ChgState   =3D _IBUI
	t.mObjId   =3D oId
	t.mBorderId=3D bId
	t.mWidth   =3D w
	t.mIsOn    =3D t.mCurState =3D 0
}

function _IBSetA()
{
	if( this.mIsOn ) {
		obj=3Dthis.ChgState( gHiliteClr,gShadowClr,2 )
		obj.style.posTop=3D0
	}
}

function _IBSetI()
{
	if( this.mIsOn ) {
		obj=3Dthis.ChgState( gFaceClr,gFaceClr,1 )
		obj.style.posTop=3D0=20
	}
}

function _IBSetP()
{
	if( this.mIsOn ) {
		obj=3Dthis.ChgState( gShadowClr,gHiliteClr,2 )
		obj.style.posLeft+=3D1; obj.style.posTop+=3D1
	}
}

function _IBSetD()
{ =20
	obj=3Dthis.ChgState( gFaceClr,gFaceClr,0 )
	obj.style.posTop=3D0=20
}

function _IBSetE( state )
{
	var t=3Dthis
	GetObj( t.mBorderId ).style.visibility=3D"visible"
	if( state !=3D t.mIsOn ) {
		t.mIsOn=3Dstate
		if( state )
			t.SetInactive()
		else
			t.SetDisabled()
	}
}

function _IBP()
{
	var t=3Dthis
	if( t.mIsOn ) {
		if( t.UserAction !=3D null )
			t.UserAction()
		if( t.ChangeIcon ) {
			obj=3DGetObj(t.mObjId)
			if( t.ChangeIcon() )
				obj.style.posLeft=3Dobj.style.posLeft+(t.mCurState-4)*t.mWidth
			else
				obj.style.posLeft=3Dobj.style.posLeft+(t.mCurState-0)*t.mWidth
		}
		t.SetActive()
	} =20
}

function _IBUI( clr1,clr2,nextState )
{
	var t=3Dthis
	SetBorder( GetObj( t.mBorderId ),clr1,clr2 )
	obj=3DGetObj( t.mObjId )
	obj.style.posLeft=3Dobj.style.posLeft+(t.mCurState-nextState)*t.mWidth-obj=
.style.posTop
	t.mCurState=3DnextState
	return obj
}

//-----------------------------------------
function TxtBtn( oId,oeId,action,chkState )
//-----------------------------------------
{
	var t=3Dthis
	t.Perform    =3D _TBP
	t.SetActive  =3D _TBSetA
	t.SetInactive=3D _TBSetI
	t.SetPressed =3D _TBSetP
	t.SetDisabled=3D _TBSetD
	t.SetEnabled =3D _TBSetE
	t.GetState   =3D chkState
	t.UserAction =3D action
	t.ChgState   =3D _TBUI
	t.mObjId      =3D oId
	t.m_elementsId=3D oeId
	t.mIsOn       =3D 1
}

function _TBSetA()
{
	var t=3Dthis
	if( t.mIsOn && !t.GetState() )
		t.ChgState( gHiliteClr,gShadowClr,0,0 )
}

function _TBSetI()
{
	var t=3Dthis
	if( t.mIsOn && !t.GetState() )
		t.ChgState( gFaceClr,gFaceClr,0,0 )
}

function _TBSetP()
{
	if( this.mIsOn )
		this.ChgState( gShadowClr,gHiliteClr,1,1 )
}

function _TBSetD()
{  =20
	this.ChgState( gFaceClr,gFaceClr,0,0 )
	this.mIsOn =3D 0
}

function _TBSetE()
{
	var t=3Dthis
	if( !t.GetState() )
		t.ChgState( gFaceClr,gFaceClr,0,0 )
	else
		t.ChgState( gShadowClr,gHiliteClr,1,1 )
	t.mIsOn =3D 1
}

function _TBP()
{
	var t=3Dthis
	if( t.mIsOn ) {=20
		if( t.UserAction !=3D null )
			t.UserAction()
        if( !t.GetState )
            return
		if( t.GetState() )
			t.SetPressed()
		else
			t.SetActive()
	} =20
}

function _TBUI( clr1,clr2,lOffset,tOffset )
{
	SetBorder( GetObj( this.mObjId ),clr1,clr2 )
	Offset( GetObj( this.m_elementsId ),lOffset,tOffset )
}

function Offset( obj, top, left ){ obj.style.top=3Dtop; obj.style.left=3Dle=
ft }

function SetBorder( obj, upperLeft, lowerRight )
{
	s=3Dobj.style;
	s.borderStyle      =3D "solid"
	s.borderWidth      =3D 1=20
	s.borderLeftColor  =3D s.borderTopColor =3D upperLeft
	s.borderBottomColor=3D s.borderRightColor =3D lowerRight
}

function GetBtnObj(){ return gBtnArr[window.event.srcElement.id] }

function BtnOnOver(){ b=3DGetBtnObj(); if( b !=3D null ) b.SetActive() }

function BtnOnDown(){ b=3DGetBtnObj(); if( b !=3D null ) b.SetPressed() }

function BtnOnOut(){ b=3DGetBtnObj(); if( b !=3D null ) b.SetInactive() }

function BtnOnUp()
{
	b=3DGetBtnObj()
	if( b !=3D null )
		b.Perform()
	else
		Upd()
}
function GetNtsState(){ return parent.gNtsOpen }

function GetOtlState(){ return parent.gOtlOpen }

function GetOtlTxtState(){ return parent.gOtlTxtExp }

function NtsBtnSetFlag( fVal )
{
	s=3Ddocument.all.item( this.m_flagId ).style
	s.display=3D"none"
	if( fVal )
		s.display=3D""
	else
		s.display=3D"none"
}

function _BSetA_Border(){ b =3D gBtnArr[this.mObjId]; if( b !=3D null ) b.S=
etActive() }

function _BSetI_Border(){ b =3D gBtnArr[this.mObjId]; if( b !=3D null ) b.S=
etInactive() }

function _BSetP_Border(){ b =3D gBtnArr[this.mObjId]; if( b !=3D null ) b.S=
etPressed() }

function _BSetA_BorderImg()
{=20
	b =3D gBtnArr[this.mBorderId]=20
	if( b !=3D null && this.mIsOn && !b.GetState() ) {
		obj=3Dthis.ChgState( gHiliteClr,gShadowClr,2 )
		obj.style.posTop=3D0
	}
}

function _BSetI_BorderImg()
{=20
	b =3D gBtnArr[this.mBorderId]
	if( b !=3D null && this.mIsOn && !b.GetState() ) {
		obj=3Dthis.ChgState( gFaceClr,gFaceClr,1 )
		obj.style.posTop=3D0
	}
}


var gHiliteClr=3D"THREEDHIGHLIGHT",gShadowClr=3D"THREEDSHADOW",gFaceClr=3D"=
THREEDFACE"
var gBtnArr =3D new Array()
gBtnArr["nb_otl"] =3D new TxtBtn( "nb_otl","nb_otlElem",parent.ToggleOtlPan=
e,GetOtlState )
gBtnArr["nb_otlElem"] =3D new TxtBtn( "nb_otl","nb_otlElem",parent.ToggleOt=
lPane,GetOtlState )
gBtnArr["nb_nts"] =3D new ImgBtn( "nb_nts","nb_ntsBorder",10,parent.ToggleN=
tsPane )
gBtnArr["nb_nts"].SetActive =3D _BSetA_BorderImg;
gBtnArr["nb_nts"].SetInactive =3D _BSetI_BorderImg;
gBtnArr["nb_ntsBorder"] =3D new TxtBtn( "nb_ntsBorder","nb_ntsElem",parent.=
ToggleNtsPane,GetNtsState )
gBtnArr["nb_ntsElem"] =3D new TxtBtn( "nb_ntsBorder","nb_ntsElem",parent.To=
ggleNtsPane,GetNtsState )
gBtnArr["nb_prevBorder"] =3D gBtnArr["nb_prev"]=3D new ImgBtn( "nb_prev","n=
b_prevBorder",30,parent.GoToPrevSld )
gBtnArr["nb_nextBorder"] =3D gBtnArr["nb_next"]=3D new ImgBtn( "nb_next","n=
b_nextBorder",30,parent.GoToNextSld )
gBtnArr["nb_sldshw"]=3D new ImgBtn( "nb_sldshw","nb_sldshwBorder",18,parent=
.FullScreen )
gBtnArr["nb_sldshwBorder"] =3D new TxtBtn( "nb_sldshw","nb_sldshwBorder",pa=
rent.FullScreen,null )
gBtnArr["nb_sldshwBorder"].SetActive =3D _BSetA_Border;
gBtnArr["nb_sldshwBorder"].SetInactive =3D _BSetI_Border;
gBtnArr["nb_sldshwText"] =3D new TxtBtn( "nb_sldshw","nb_sldshwText",parent=
.FullScreen,null )
gBtnArr["nb_sldshwText"].SetActive =3D _BSetA_Border;
gBtnArr["nb_sldshwText"].SetInactive =3D _BSetI_Border;
gBtnArr["nb_voice"] =3D gBtnArr["nb_voiceBorder"] =3D new ImgBtn( "nb_voice=
","nb_voiceBorder",18,parent.ToggleVNarration )
gBtnArr["nb_otlTxtBorder"] =3D gBtnArr["nb_otlTxt"]=3D new ImgBtn( "nb_otlT=
xt","nb_otlTxtBorder",23,parent.ToggleOtlText )
gBtnArr["nb_ntsBorder"].m_flagId=3D "nb_nts"
gBtnArr["nb_ntsBorder"].SetFlag =3D NtsBtnSetFlag
gBtnArr["nb_otlTxt"].ChangeIcon=3D GetOtlTxtState

/*********************************************
 Context menu implementation

 _CM() is the function that's hooked up to
 the oncontextmenu event. Once we're asked to
 show the menu, we first build it by creating
 DIVs on-the-fly. Then we position it=20
 within the screen area so it doesn't get
 clipped.

 Creating the DIVs using createElement() means
 we don't have to write out any extra HTML
 into the slide HTML files.
**********************************************/
var sNext=3D"Next",sPrev=3D"Previous",sEnd=3D"End Show",sFont=3D"Arial",sAr=
row=3D"Arrow",sFreeform=3D"Freeform",sRect=3D"Rectangle",sOval=3D"Oval"

function ShowMenu()
{
	BuildMenu();
	var doc=3DPPTSld.document.body,x=3DPPTSld.event.clientX+doc.scrollLeft,y=
=3DPPTSld.event.clientY+doc.scrollTop
	m =3D PPTSld.document.all.item("ctxtmenu")
	m.style.pixelLeft=3Dx
	if( (x+m.scrollWidth > doc.clientWidth)&&(x-m.scrollWidth > 0) )
		m.style.pixelLeft=3Dx-m.scrollWidth

	m.style.pixelTop=3Dy
	if( (y+m.scrollHeight > doc.clientHeight)&&(y-m.scrollHeight > 0) )
		m.style.pixelTop=3Dy-m.scrollHeight

	m.style.display=3D""
}

function _CM()
{
	if( !parent.IsFullScrMode() ) return;
	if(!PPTSld.event.ctrlKey) {
		ShowMenu()
		return false
	} else
		HideMenu()
}

function BuildMenu()
{
	if( PPTSld.document.all.item("ctxtmenu") ) return

	var mObj=3DCreateItem( PPTSld.document.body )
	mObj.id=3D"ctxtmenu"
	mObj.style.visibility=3D"hidden"
	var s=3DmObj.style
	s.position=3D"absolute"
	s.cursor=3D"default"
	s.width=3D"120px"
	SetCMBorder(mObj,"menu","black")

	var iObj=3DCreateItem( mObj )
	SetCMBorder( iObj, "threedhighlight","threedshadow" )
	iObj.style.padding=3D2
	CreateMenuItem( iObj,sNext,M_GoNextSld,M_True )
	CreateMenuItem( iObj,sPrev,M_GoPrevSld,M_HasPrevSld )
=09
	CreateSeparator( iObj )
	CreateMenuItem( iObj,sEnd,M_End,M_True )
	mObj.style.visibility=3D"visible"
}

function Cancel() { window.event.cancelBubble=3Dtrue; window.event.returnVa=
lue=3Dfalse }

function Highlight() { ChangeClr("activecaption","threedhighlight") }

function Deselect() { ChangeClr("threedface","menutext") }

function Perform()
{
	e=3DPPTSld.event.srcElement
	if( e.type=3D=3D"menuitem" && e.IsActive() )
		e.Action()
	else
		PPTSld.event.cancelBubble=3Dtrue
}
function ChangeClr( bg,clr )
{
	e=3DPPTSld.event.srcElement
	if( e.type=3D=3D"menuitem" && e.IsActive() ) {
		e.style.backgroundColor=3Dbg
		e.style.color=3Dclr
	}
}

function M_HasPrevSld() { return( parent.HasPrevSld() ) }

function M_GoNextSld() { if( gIsEndShow ) M_End(); else GoToNextSld() }

function M_GoPrevSld() { if( gIsEndShow ) { gIsEndShow=3D0; history.back();=
 PPTSld.event.cancelBubble=3Dtrue; } else GoToPrevSld() }

function M_True() { return true }

function M_End() { window.close( self ) }

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  Resource Intervention</a></font></div>
  <div id=3DPPTC1 class=3DCTxt style=3D'display:none'><font size=3D2>
  <ul>
   <li>Community Greening as a First Response Tool for Post-Crisis in Urban
       Contexts</li>
  </ul>
  </font></div>
  </td>
 </tr>
 <tr onmouseover=3D"Over(this)" onmouseout=3D"Out(this)" onclick=3D"Follow(=
this)"
  style=3D'cursor:hand'>
  <td align=3Dright valign=3Dtop>
  <div class=3DsldNum><font size=3D2>2</font></div>
  </td>
  <td>
  <div id=3DPPTP2 class=3DPTxt><font size=3D2><a
  href=3D"javascript:GoToSld('slide0011.htm');" id=3DPPTL2>What if&#8230;?<=
/a></font></div>
  <div id=3DPPTC2 class=3DCTxt style=3D'display:none'><font size=3D2>
  <ul>
   <li>&#8230;Natural resources management approaches were considered viable
       alternatives to military responses to crisis?</li>
   <br>
   <br>
   <li>&#8230; policy planners understood the value of Community Greening?<=
/li>
   <br>
   <br>
   <li>&#8230;community members had engaged in community building instead of
       insurgency activities?</li>
   <br>
   <br>
  </ul>
  </font></div>
  </td>
 </tr>
 <tr onmouseover=3D"Over(this)" onmouseout=3D"Out(this)" onclick=3D"Follow(=
this)"
  style=3D'cursor:hand'>
  <td align=3Dright valign=3Dtop>
  <div class=3DsldNum><font size=3D2>3</font></div>
  </td>
  <td>
  <div id=3DPPTP3 class=3DPTxt><font size=3D2><a
  href=3D"javascript:GoToSld('slide0020.htm');" id=3DPPTL3>The &#8220;Big
  Picture&#8221; Problem&#8230;<br>
    Two-fold</a></font></div>
  <div id=3DPPTC3 class=3DCTxt style=3D'display:none'><font size=3D2>
  <ul>
   <li>Natural resources approaches not widely considered in state level po=
licy
       circles for post-crisis response</li>
   <br>
   <br>
   <li>Natural resources approaches not tested and proven for policy purpos=
es</li>
   <br>
   <br>
  </ul>
  </font></div>
  </td>
 </tr>
 <tr onmouseover=3D"Over(this)" onmouseout=3D"Out(this)" onclick=3D"Follow(=
this)"
  style=3D'cursor:hand'>
  <td align=3Dright valign=3Dtop>
  <div class=3DsldNum><font size=3D2>4</font></div>
  </td>
  <td>
  <div id=3DPPTP4 class=3DPTxt><font size=3D2><a
  href=3D"javascript:GoToSld('slide0044.htm');" id=3DPPTL4>Challenges for N=
atural
  Resources Approaches&#8230;</a></font></div>
  <div id=3DPPTC4 class=3DCTxt style=3D'display:none'><font size=3D2>
  <ul>
   <li>NR based approaches are &#8220;disadvantaged&#8221;</li>
   <li>&#8220;Lack of data&#8221; coupled with abundant &#8220;anecdotal
       evidence&#8221;</li>
   <li>Decision makers dismiss plants and other natural resources as
       unwarranted luxuries</li>
  </ul>
  </font></div>
  </td>
 </tr>
 <tr onmouseover=3D"Over(this)" onmouseout=3D"Out(this)" onclick=3D"Follow(=
this)"
  style=3D'cursor:hand'>
  <td align=3Dright valign=3Dtop>
  <div class=3DsldNum><font size=3D2>5</font></div>
  </td>
  <td>
  <div id=3DPPTP5 class=3DPTxt><font size=3D2><a
  href=3D"javascript:GoToSld('slide0046.htm');" id=3DPPTL5>NR Opportunity i=
n the
  Crisis Cycle</a></font></div>
  </td>
 </tr>
 <tr onmouseover=3D"Over(this)" onmouseout=3D"Out(this)" onclick=3D"Follow(=
this)"
  style=3D'cursor:hand'>
  <td align=3Dright valign=3Dtop>
  <div class=3DsldNum><font size=3D2>6</font></div>
  </td>
  <td>
  <div id=3DPPTP6 class=3DPTxt><font size=3D2><a
  href=3D"javascript:GoToSld('slide0045.htm');" id=3DPPTL6><span
  style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>&nbsp;</span>Goals</a></font></div>
  <div id=3DPPTC6 class=3DCTxt style=3D'display:none'><font size=3D2>
  <ul>
   <li>Identify and Describe roles for Natural Resources Approaches in
       &#8220;environment shaping&#8221; post-crisis</li>
   <br>
   <br>
   <li>&#8220;Scale up&#8221; existing local NR based crisis intervention
       models</li>
   <br>
   <br>
   <li>Evaluate Urban Greening as &#8220;environment shaping&#8221; mode</l=
i>
  </ul>
  </font></div>
  </td>
 </tr>
 <tr onmouseover=3D"Over(this)" onmouseout=3D"Out(this)" onclick=3D"Follow(=
this)"
  style=3D'cursor:hand'>
  <td align=3Dright valign=3Dtop>
  <div class=3DsldNum><font size=3D2>7</font></div>
  </td>
  <td>
  <div id=3DPPTP7 class=3DPTxt><font size=3D2><a
  href=3D"javascript:GoToSld('slide0043.htm');" id=3DPPTL7>Natural Resources
  Approaches as &#8220;Environment Shaping&#8221;</a></font></div>
  <div id=3DPPTC7 class=3DCTxt style=3D'display:none'><font size=3D2>
  <ul>
   <li>&#8220;Environment Shaping&#8221;&#8230; a new policy term</li>
   <br>
   <br>
   <li>&#8220;Enabling environments&#8221; &#8230;prerequisites for rebuild=
ing</li>
   <br>
   <br>
   <li>Urban community greening encapsulates &#8220;environment shaping&#82=
21;
       model</li>
   <br>
   <br>
   <br>
  </ul>
  </font></div>
  </td>
 </tr>
 <tr onmouseover=3D"Over(this)" onmouseout=3D"Out(this)" onclick=3D"Follow(=
this)"
  style=3D'cursor:hand'>
  <td align=3Dright valign=3Dtop>
  <div class=3DsldNum><font size=3D2>8</font></div>
  </td>
  <td>
  <div id=3DPPTP8 class=3DPTxt><font size=3D2><a
  href=3D"javascript:GoToSld('slide0039.htm');" id=3DPPTL8>&#8230;Enter Com=
munity
  Greening</a></font></div>
  <div id=3DPPTC8 class=3DCTxt style=3D'display:none'><font size=3D2>
  <ul>
   <li>Crime is reduced in communities with a high level of social cohesion
       (Sampson et al. 1997).</li>
   <li>Tree planting can serve as a focal point for developing cohesion (Va=
chta
       1998).</li>
   <li>Reclaiming vacant lots made residents feel safer (Vachta 1998).</li>
   <li>&#8220;Community gardens have multiple social, aesthetic and health
       benefits (Blair et al1991).</li>
   <li>&#8220;Community Gardening is an educational process for changing mi=
nds
       and actions of people so they can &#8216;help themselves&#8217; atta=
in
       economic and social well being&#8221; (Patel 1991).</li>
   <br>
   <br>
   <br>
   <br>
   <br>
   <br>
   <br>
  </ul>
  </font></div>
  </td>
 </tr>
 <tr onmouseover=3D"Over(this)" onmouseout=3D"Out(this)" onclick=3D"Follow(=
this)"
  style=3D'cursor:hand'>
  <td align=3Dright valign=3Dtop>
  <div class=3DsldNum><font size=3D2>9</font></div>
  </td>
  <td>
  <div id=3DPPTP9 class=3DPTxt><font size=3D2><a
  href=3D"javascript:GoToSld('slide0035.htm');" id=3DPPTL9>Examples?</a></f=
ont></div>
  <div id=3DPPTC9 class=3DCTxt style=3D'display:none'><font size=3D2>
  <ul>
   <li>Community Gardening - Returned Vets in Bosnia &amp; Herzegovina</li>
   <li>Community Forestry- Israeli rabbis support Palestinians</li>
   <li>Brierfield Peace Garden England.<span
       style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>Muslim urban youth</l=
i>
   <li>Mountain of Hope Soweto, South Africa.</li>
   <li>Post 9/11 Peace and Reconciliation Garden Movement in New York City.=
</li>
   <br>
   <br>
  </ul>
  </font></div>
  </td>
 </tr>
 <tr onmouseover=3D"Over(this)" onmouseout=3D"Out(this)" onclick=3D"Follow(=
this)"
  style=3D'cursor:hand'>
  <td align=3Dright valign=3Dtop>
  <div class=3DsldNum><font size=3D2>10</font></div>
  </td>
  <td>
  <div id=3DPPTP10 class=3DPTxt><font size=3D2><a
  href=3D"javascript:GoToSld('slide0012.htm');" id=3DPPTL10>Questions&#8230=
;</a></font></div>
  <div id=3DPPTC10 class=3DCTxt style=3D'display:none'><font size=3D2>
  <ul>
   <br>
   <li>How can Community Greening be understood and situated as a tool to be
       employed in foreign direct action activities?</li>
   <li>How can Community Greening help facilitate linkages between relief,
       transition, and development programs?</li>
   <li>What kinds of barriers exist to implementation, and are they due to
       institutional issues or strategic/tactical issues?</li>
  </ul>
  </font></div>
  </td>
 </tr>
 <tr onmouseover=3D"Over(this)" onmouseout=3D"Out(this)" onclick=3D"Follow(=
this)"
  style=3D'cursor:hand'>
  <td align=3Dright valign=3Dtop>
  <div class=3DsldNum><font size=3D2>11</font></div>
  </td>
  <td>
  <div id=3DPPTP11 class=3DPTxt><font size=3D2><a
  href=3D"javascript:GoToSld('slide0021.htm');" id=3DPPTL11>Research
  Question&#8230;</a></font></div>
  <div id=3DPPTC11 class=3DCTxt style=3D'display:none'><font size=3D2>
  <ul>
   <li>	How can Community Greening serve as a new mode of environment shapi=
ng,
       a community response to Crisis, that can help prevent communities fr=
om
       descending into chaotic and self-defeating behaviors and actions?</l=
i>
  </ul>
  </font></div>
  </td>
 </tr>
 <tr onmouseover=3D"Over(this)" onmouseout=3D"Out(this)" onclick=3D"Follow(=
this)"
  style=3D'cursor:hand'>
  <td align=3Dright valign=3Dtop>
  <div class=3DsldNum><font size=3D2>12</font></div>
  </td>
  <td>
  <div id=3DPPTP12 class=3DPTxt><font size=3D2><a
  href=3D"javascript:GoToSld('slide0023.htm');" id=3DPPTL12>Research Approa=
ch</a></font></div>
  <div id=3DPPTC12 class=3DCTxt style=3D'display:none'><font size=3D2>
  <ul>
   <br>
   <li>Method&#8212; Ethnographic field research</li>
   <ul>
    <li>Interview</li>
    <li>Participant observation</li>
    <li>Direct systematic observation of behavior</li>
    <br>
    <br>
   </ul>
   <li>Informed by theory from several disciplines&#8230;</li>
  </ul>
  </font></div>
  </td>
 </tr>
 <tr onmouseover=3D"Over(this)" onmouseout=3D"Out(this)" onclick=3D"Follow(=
this)"
  style=3D'cursor:hand'>
  <td align=3Dright valign=3Dtop>
  <div class=3DsldNum><font size=3D2>13</font></div>
  </td>
  <td>
  <div id=3DPPTP13 class=3DPTxt><font size=3D2><a
  href=3D"javascript:GoToSld('slide0026.htm');" id=3DPPTL13>Theoretical Int=
erface
  Schematic</a></font></div>
  </td>
 </tr>
 <tr onmouseover=3D"Over(this)" onmouseout=3D"Out(this)" onclick=3D"Follow(=
this)"
  style=3D'cursor:hand'>
  <td align=3Dright valign=3Dtop>
  <div class=3DsldNum><font size=3D2>14</font></div>
  </td>
  <td>
  <div id=3DPPTP14 class=3DPTxt><font size=3D2><a
  href=3D"javascript:GoToSld('slide0031.htm');" id=3DPPTL14>In Conclusion&#=
8230;</a></font></div>
  <div id=3DPPTC14 class=3DCTxt style=3D'display:none'><font size=3D2>
  <ul>
   <li>Case can be made for the use of Natural Resources approaches in urban
       post crisis environments</li>
   <li>Next Steps: systematic exploration of &#8220;Natural Resources
       Interventions&#8221;</li>
   <li>Anticipated Outcomes: description, analysis, evaluation of<span
       style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>&nbsp; </span>Community Greening as a fir=
st
       response tool for post-crisis in urban contexts</li>
   <li>Thank You!</li>
  </ul>
  </font></div>
  </td>
 </tr>
</table>



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WzFdIj4NCiAgPHY6ZmlsbCBjb2xvcjI9IndoaXRlIFswXSIvPg0KICA8djpzaGFkb3cgY29sb3I9
IiM2NjkgWzJdIi8+DQogIDx2OnRleHRib3ggc3R5bGU9J21zby1maXQtc2hhcGUtdG8tdGV4dDp0
Jy8+DQogPC92OnNoYXBlPg0KIDxkaXYgdjpzaGFwZT0iX3gwMDAwX3MyMDUyIiBj                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        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r/hoqRgdRRlQeFDuSErW8SkYCe1L6f4a1ohBUtq26a0u4yu0g+lK4qJ+FNrWZqOzVDdTkX61AimI
nvtUhJQbUtPGiAkseoKYvQCf                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                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